What is a Form Factor?

Building a functioning computer is a complex task – with many intricate and technical components that must work in harmony. One of the key challenges is determining which parts are physically compatible.

This is where form factors prove useful – but what are they? In this guide, KnownHost explains what form factors are, their importance, and the various types of form factors.

What is a Form Factor?

A form factor refers to the physical specifications, including size, shape, and layout, of computer hardware components. These include parts like motherboards, graphics cards (GPUs), or computer cases.

It specifies the dimensions, mounting points, connector types, and overall design of the component, and is designed to ensure compatibility and facilitate integration with other parts in a computer build.

Form factors have evolved as technology has advanced. Earlier form factors, like AT and Baby AT, were originally replaced by ATX. This was then followed by smaller variants such as Micro-ATX and Mini-ITZ.

Overall, there has been an industry trend toward developing smaller and more powerful form factors.

Some of the form factors that have emerged over time include:

• AT (Advanced Technology): The original form factor for PC motherboards in the 1980s and early 1990s.
• Baby AT: A smaller version of the AT form factor, introduced in the early 1990s.
• ATX (Advanced Technology eXtended): Introduced in 1995, it became the most common form factor, offering improved layout and expansion options.
• Micro-ATX (mATX): A smaller variant of ATX, providing a more compact size while maintaining some compatibility.
• Mini-ITX: An even smaller form factor, designed for compact and low-power systems, often used in small form factor PCs.
• ITX (Information Technology eXtended): An umbrella term for various small form factors, including Mini-ITX, Nano-ITX, and Pico-ITX.
• EATX (Extended ATX): A larger form factor than ATX, offering additional expansion slots and features.
• NUC (Next Unit of Computing): Intel’s small form factor, designed for ultra-compact systems, often used for media centers or embedded applications.
• SFF (Small Form Factor): A generic term referring to compact form factors that prioritize space efficiency without adhering to a specific standard.

Why Are Form Factors Important?

Form factors are essential for compatibility and performance in computer systems. They ensure components fit and function properly together.

Standardized form factors allow for the interchangeability of parts without impacting performance. This prioritizes key qualities such as optimized airflow, power distribution, and expansion capabilities to enable efficient cooling and accommodate high-performance hardware.

Form factor technology also impacts the physical size and layout of a device – influencing portability, space utilization, and aesthetics.

Ultimately, user experience is enhanced by compact, user-friendly designs, easy component installation and removal, and the ability to customize systems based on form factor options – offering flexibility and convenience.

Computer Form Factors

There are various form factors designed to increase compatibility within each piece of computer hardware. In this section, we break down form factors by their PC component:

Computer Memory Form Factor

The different form factors for computer memory include:

• DIMM (Dual In-Line Memory Module): A common form factor for desktop and server memory modules, characterized by a row of pins on each side.
• SODIMM (Small Outline DIMM): A smaller version of DIMM, primarily used in laptops and compact systems.
• RIMM (Rambus In-Line Memory Module): A now-obsolete form factor for Rambus DRAM memory modules.
• SIMM: (Single In-Line Memory Module): A traditional form factor used in older computers, featuring a row of pins on a single side.
• MicroDIMM: A smaller form factor primarily used in compact PCs and specialized devices.

These form factors affect memory performance and compatibility by determining physical dimensions, pin layouts, and electrical specifications – ensuring optimal connections and data transfer rates for compatibility and performance.

Motherboard Form Factors

The different types of motherboard form factors include:

• ATX (Advanced Technology eXtended): The most common form factor for desktop PCs.
• Micro-ATX (mATX): A smaller form factor than ATX, often used in compact desktop systems.
• Mini-ITX: A tiny form factor designed for small PCs and low-power systems.
• EATX (Extended ATX): A larger form factor than ATX, offering additional expansion slots and features.
• ITX: (Information Technology eXtended): An umbrella term for various small form factors, including Mini-ITX, Nano-ITX, and Pico-ITX.

Motherboard form factors determine the size, layout, and overall compatibility of a computer system. This influences the system’s overall design and capabilities.

Server Form Factors

The different types of server form factors include:

• Rackmount: Designed to fit into standard server racks, with variations like 1U, 2U, and 4U – which indicates height.
• Blade: Compact servers that are mounted on a blade chassis, allowing for high-density deployments and shared infrastructure.
• Tower: Resemble traditional desktop PCs, suitable for small-scale server deployments or standalone server requirements.
• Microserver: Small form factor servers designed for lightweight workloads and space-constrained environments.
• Modular: Servers built with modular components, providing flexibility for scaling and customization.

When selecting server form factors, consider scalability, space constraints, power efficiency, workload requirements, and infrastructure compatibility, to align with specific needs.

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Solid State Drives (SSDs) Form Factors

Some of the SSD form factors include:

• 2.5-inch SATA: Commonly used in laptops and desktops, resembling a traditional hard drive form factor.
• M.2: A compact and versatile form factor used in laptops and other small form factor systems.
• U.2 (SFF-8639): A larger form factor used in enterprise-grade server and storage systems.
• PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express) Add-in Card: A form factor that plugs into a PCIe slot, offering maximum performance and flexibility in high-end systems.

SSD form factors impact performance and integration by determining physical size, interface, and connectivity options. Different form factors also offer varying speeds, storage capacities, and compatibility with motherboard interfaces.

Graphics Card Form Factors

Types of graphics card form factors include:

• PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express): The most common graphics card form factor that connects to a PCIe slot on a motherboard.
• ATX: Graphics cards designed to fit into a standard ATX-sized motherboard.
• Low-Profile: Compact graphics cards with a shorter height, suitable for small form factor systems or cases with limited space.
• Single-Slot: Graphics cards with a slim design, that occupy one expansion slot on the motherboard.
• Dual-Slot: Graphics cards that occupy two expansion slots on the motherboard, typically providing improved cooling and performance.

When considering graphics card form factor compatibility, it’s important to understand the available space in the computer case, the motherboard slot type, power supply capacity, cooling solutions, and the placement of other components, to ensure effective system compatibility.

Power Supply Unit (PSU) Form Factors

Below is a list of PSU form factors and their compatibility with various case types:

• ATX: The most widely used form factor, compatible with most standard ATX cases.
• SFX (Small Form Factor eXtended): A smaller form factor suitable for compact cases.
• TFX (Thin Form Factor eXtended): Designed for slim or low-profile cases, often used in smaller setups, such as Home Theatre PCs.
• Flex ATX: A compact form factor commonly used in small cases and mini ITX builds.
• SFX-L (SFX-Large): A slightly larger variant of SFX, offering greater power capacity and compatibility with certain mid-sized cases.

The PSU form factor is crucial in system building – ensuring compatibility, power capacity, cable management, and cooling. Choosing the right form factor results in a stable and efficient system with optimal performance and reliability.

Form Factor Upgrade Considerations

When upgrading computer hardware, it’s important to understand the common form factors for each component. The best form factor for a particular build will depend on these key considerations:

• Compatibility: Ensure the new component is compatible with existing hardware and operating systems.
• Physical Size: Is there enough available space for the component to fit properly?
• Power Requirements: Ensure the power supply can handle the increased demand of the upgraded component.
• Performance Requirements: Assess if the upgrade meets desired performance goals, and if other components may create potential bottlenecks.

How Do Form Factors Shape Our Technology?

Form factors can influence and impact design decisions in different PC-build scenarios, with one of the most common examples being the difference between a desktop and a laptop computer.

Although there are similar parts present in both machines, they are shaped and connected differently – with laptops requiring more compact parts where a typical desktop PC may favor larger, more powerful alternatives.

Another example would be the design of a functional, high-powered desktop that requires a larger power supply unit. Understanding the form factor of the case is essential for effectively housing that power supply unit, while leaving enough room for case airflow to keep the desktop components cool.

Future Trends in Form Factors

There are several emerging trends in the development of form factors that indicate where the technology is heading – and the potential benefits we can expect in the future.

Small, compact computers that are high-powered with a greater degree of portability are growing in demand. For example, the M.2 form factor has gained popularity due to its compact design.

Modular form factors with greater customization is another trend that continues to gain popularity. This allows computer components to be replaced without upgrading the entire device – a cost-effective option for most companies and consumers.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q: What Are the Five Types of Form Factors

A: The five main types of form factors are ATX (Advanced Technology eXtended), Micro-ATX (mATX), Mini-ITX, ITX (Information Technology eXtended), and EATX (Extended ATX). These form factors determine the physical dimensions and layout of computer components – particularly the motherboard – and impact overall system size and compatibility.

Q: What Does the Form Factor Describe?

A: Form factor describes the physical dimensions, layout, and specifications of computer components – particularly the motherboard. It determines the size, shape, and placement of connectors, slots, and other features, influencing the overall design and compatibility of computer systems.